Plagiarism, as defined in the 1995 Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary, is the "use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work."Within acedemia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud and offenders are subject to academic censure, up to and including expulsion. In journalism, plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics, and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination. Some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include quotations or give the appropriate citation. While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the Internet, where articles appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier, simply by copying and pasting text from one web page to another.
Plagiarism is not copyright infringement. While both terms may apply to a particular act, they are different transgressions. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, when material protected by copyright is used without consent. On the other hand, plagiarism is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation that is achieved through false claims of authorship.
Plagiarism is not copyright infringement. While both terms may apply to a particular act, they are different transgressions. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, when material protected by copyright is used without consent. On the other hand, plagiarism is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation that is achieved through false claims of authorship.
Policies of various schools
When faculty members discover plagiarism, they may choose between simply penalizing the student themselves or reporting the plagiarism to College administrators, who will determine the penalty. Faculty members make such choices at their own discretion, depending upon the circumstances of each case. It is possible for a student to be penalized both by the faculty member and by administration. In general, the severity of the penalty matches the severity of the plagiarism.
In the academic world, plagiarism by students is a very serious offense that can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment (typically at the high school level) or for the course (typically at the college or university level). For cases of repeated plagiarism, or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism (e.g., submitting a copied piece of writing as original work), a student may be suspended or expelled. Many students feel pressured to complete papers well and quickly, and with the accessibility of new technology (the Internet) students can plagiarize by copying and pasting information from other sources. This is often easily detected by teachers, for several reasons. First, students' choice of sources are frequently unoriginal; instructors may receive the same passage copied from a popular source from several students. Second, it is often easy to tell whether a student used their own "voice." Third, students may choose sources which are inappropriate, off-topic, or contain incorrect information. Fourth, lecturers may insist that submitted work is first submitted to an online plagiarism detector.
In many universities, academic degrees or awards may be revoked as a penalty for plagiarism.
There is little academic research into the frequency of plagiarism in high schools. Much of the research investigated plagiarism at the post-secondary level.Of the forms of cheating (including plagiarism, inventing data, and cheating during an exam), students admit to plagiarism more than any other. However, this figure decreases considerably when students are asked about the frequency of "serious" plagiarism (such as copying most of an assignment or purchasing a complete paper from a website). Recent use of plagiarism detection software (see below) gives a more accurate picture of this activity's prevalence.
For professors and researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility and integrity.Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, which students and professors have agreed to be bound by.
In many universities, academic degrees or awards may be revoked as a penalty for plagiarism.
There is little academic research into the frequency of plagiarism in high schools. Much of the research investigated plagiarism at the post-secondary level.Of the forms of cheating (including plagiarism, inventing data, and cheating during an exam), students admit to plagiarism more than any other. However, this figure decreases considerably when students are asked about the frequency of "serious" plagiarism (such as copying most of an assignment or purchasing a complete paper from a website). Recent use of plagiarism detection software (see below) gives a more accurate picture of this activity's prevalence.
For professors and researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility and integrity.Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, which students and professors have agreed to be bound by.
Sanctions for Violation of Regulations
Failure by a student to adhere to the "Regulations Governing Student Behavior" will subject the student to one or a combination of more than one of the following sanctions:
Reprimand:
Official warning in writing that continuation or repetition of violation or inappropriate behavior may result in a more severe sanction.
Loss of Privilege
Students may be sanctioned and prohibited from the use of certain college facilities, i.e. Skills Laboratory, Learning Resources Center, etc.
Restitution
Student's misconduct may require reimbursement or otherwise compensate another for damage or loss of property.
Probation
Student may receive a formal written warning that the conduct is in violation of college policies and the student's standing as a student is in jeopardy.
Suspension
Student status may be terminated at the college for no less than the remainder of the semester.
Dismissal
Student status may be terminated at the college permanently or for an indefinite period of time.
The above sanctions do not preclude other disciplinary actions that may be deemed warranted by the college.
Failure by a student to adhere to the "Regulations Governing Student Behavior" will subject the student to one or a combination of more than one of the following sanctions:
Reprimand:
Official warning in writing that continuation or repetition of violation or inappropriate behavior may result in a more severe sanction.
Loss of Privilege
Students may be sanctioned and prohibited from the use of certain college facilities, i.e. Skills Laboratory, Learning Resources Center, etc.
Restitution
Student's misconduct may require reimbursement or otherwise compensate another for damage or loss of property.
Probation
Student may receive a formal written warning that the conduct is in violation of college policies and the student's standing as a student is in jeopardy.
Suspension
Student status may be terminated at the college for no less than the remainder of the semester.
Dismissal
Student status may be terminated at the college permanently or for an indefinite period of time.
The above sanctions do not preclude other disciplinary actions that may be deemed warranted by the college.
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